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                    <h1 class="description center-align post-title">浏览器从输入URL到页面展示中间发生了什么</h1>
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                <h5 id="浏览器从输入URL到页面展示中间发生了什么"><a href="#浏览器从输入URL到页面展示中间发生了什么" class="headerlink" title="浏览器从输入URL到页面展示中间发生了什么"></a>浏览器从输入URL到页面展示中间发生了什么</h5><h4 id="浏览器进程和它主要的职责"><a href="#浏览器进程和它主要的职责" class="headerlink" title="浏览器进程和它主要的职责"></a>浏览器进程和它主要的职责</h4><ul>
<li>浏览器进程主要负责用户交互, 子进程管理和文件存储</li>
<li>网络进程是面向渲染进程和浏览器进程等提供网络下载功能</li>
<li>渲染进程的主要职责是把网络下载的HTML, javaScript, css, 图片等资源解析为可现实和交互的页面。因为渲染进程中所有的内容都是通过网络获取的, 所以会存在一些恶意代码利用浏览器的漏洞对系统进行攻击, 所以运行在渲染进程里面的代码是不被信任的, 这也是为什么Chrome会让渲染进程运行在安全沙箱里, 是为了保证系统的安全</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://s2.loli.net/2022/03/20/KZRUV1NFh8rIjT3.png" alt="浏览器从输入URL到页面展示的过程.png"></p>
<h4 id="导航过程"><a href="#导航过程" class="headerlink" title="导航过程"></a>导航过程</h4><ul>
<li>浏览器进程接收到用户输入的URL请求, 浏览器进程便将该URL转发给网络进程</li>
<li>然后再网络进程中发起真正的URL请求</li>
<li>接着网络进程接收到了响应头数据, 便解析响应头数据, 并将数据转发给浏览器进程</li>
<li>浏览器进程接收到网络进程的响应头数据之后, 发送“提交导航”消息到渲染进程</li>
<li>渲染进程接收到”提交导航”的消息之后, 便开始准备接收HTML数据, 接收数据的方式是直接和网络进程建立数据管道</li>
<li>最后渲染进程会向浏览器进程“确认提交”, 这是告诉浏览器进程: 它已经准备好接收和解析页面数据了</li>
<li>浏览器进程收到渲染进程“提交文档”的消息之后, 便开始移除之前的旧文档, 然后更新浏览器进程中的页面状态</li>
</ul>
<p>这其中, <strong>用户发出URL请求到页面开始解析的整个过程, 叫做导航</strong></p>
<h4 id="URL请求过程"><a href="#URL请求过程" class="headerlink" title="URL请求过程"></a>URL请求过程</h4><p>从导航过程进入到资源请求过程, 浏览器进程会通过进程间通信(IPC)把URL请求发送到网络进程, 网络进程接收到URL请求之后, 会发起真正的URL请求流程<br>首先, 网络进程会查找本地缓存中是否缓存了该资源, 如果有缓存资源, 那么直接返回资源给浏览器进程; 如果在缓存中没有查到资源, 那么直接进入网络请求流程。请求流程的第一步就是DNS解析, 以获取请求域名的服务器IP地址, 如果请求协议是HTTPS, 那么还需要建立TSL连接<br>  接下来就是利用IP地址和服务器建立TCP连接, 连接建立后, 浏览器会构建请求行, 请求头等信息, 并把该域名相关的Cookie等数据附加到请求头中, 然后向服务器发送构建的请求信息<br>  服务器接收到请求信息后, 会根据请求信息生成响应数据(包括响应行, 响应头, 响应体等), 并发给网络进程。等到网络进程接收了响应行和响应头之后, 就开始解析响应头的内容</p>
<h5 id="解析响应头数据"><a href="#解析响应头数据" class="headerlink" title="解析响应头数据"></a>解析响应头数据</h5><ul>
<li>如果响应状态啊为301或者302, 则说明服务器需要浏览器重定向到其他URL, 那么又重新开始请求新的流程; </li>
<li>如果响应状态码为200, 则表示浏览器可以继续处理该请求</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="准备渲染进程"><a href="#准备渲染进程" class="headerlink" title="准备渲染进程"></a>准备渲染进程</h5><p>Chrome会为每一个页面分配一个渲染进程, 每打开一个新的压面就会配套创建一个新的渲染进程. 但是如果当多个页面是同一个域名或者地址的时候, 这多个页面是运行在同一个渲染进程中, 如下图, 他们的进程ID都为2012</p>
<p><img src="https://s2.loli.net/2022/03/20/bRjIw7BgK4apl93.png" alt="同一个进程.png"></p>
<h5 id="如何判断他们是同一个域名或者地址"><a href="#如何判断他们是同一个域名或者地址" class="headerlink" title="如何判断他们是同一个域名或者地址"></a>如何判断他们是同一个域名或者地址</h5><p>我们称之为同源协议: 当页面地址, 协议, 端口号三者都相同时, 浏览器则判断为同一个站点, 则这几个页面都是在同一个渲染进程中</p>
<h4 id="提交文档"><a href="#提交文档" class="headerlink" title="提交文档"></a>提交文档</h4><p>当浏览器进程将网络进程收到的HTML数据提交给渲染进程; 就是提交文档</p>
<ul>
<li>当浏览器进程接收到网络进程的响应头数据之后, 便向渲染进程发起“提交文档”的消息</li>
<li>渲染进程接收到“提交文档”的消息之后, 会和网络进程建立传输数据的“管道”</li>
<li>等数据传输完毕之后, 渲染进程会返回”确认提交”的消息给浏览器进程</li>
<li>浏览器进程在收到“确认提交”的消息后, 会更新浏览器页面状态, 包括安全状态, URL地址栏, 前进后退的历史状态, 并更新Web页面</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>这也解释了为什么在浏览器的地址栏输入一个地址后, 浏览器并没有马上跳转, 而是需要先加载一会儿再更新页面</strong></p>
<h4 id="渲染页面"><a href="#渲染页面" class="headerlink" title="渲染页面"></a>渲染页面</h4><p>首先我们必须了解页面的组成结构</p>
<ul>
<li>HTML为页面的骨架和结构内容</li>
<li>CSS控制页面的样式(如颜色等)</li>
<li>JS则是用户和页面之间的交互</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="构建DOM树"><a href="#构建DOM树" class="headerlink" title="构建DOM树"></a>构建DOM树</h5><p>为什么要构建DOM树?<br><strong>因为浏览器无法直接理解和使用HTML, 需要把HTML标签转化为浏览器能够理解的结构——DOM树</strong><br>什么是DOM树?<br>我们直接打开浏览器的控制台-输入document; 会直接输出一个DOM结构, 这个就是DOM树</p>
<p>DOM树的构建过程?</p>
<p><img src="https://s2.loli.net/2022/03/20/Oy62UCch3mE9SHD.png" alt="DOM树的构建过程.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>输入一个HTML文件</li>
<li>经过浏览器的HTML解析器解析</li>
<li>最终输入树状结构的DOM</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="样式计算"><a href="#样式计算" class="headerlink" title="样式计算"></a>样式计算</h4><p><strong>当渲染引擎接收到 CSS 文本时，会执行一个转换操作，将 CSS 文本转换为浏览器可以理解的结构——styleSheets。</strong><br>怎么查看StyleSheets？<br>打开控制台, 输入document.styleSheets; 就会打印出styleSheets</p>
<h4 id="总结渲染模块"><a href="#总结渲染模块" class="headerlink" title="总结渲染模块"></a>总结渲染模块</h4><ul>
<li>渲染进程将 HTML 内容转换为能够读懂的 DOM 树结构</li>
<li>渲染引擎将 CSS 样式表转化为浏览器可以理解的 styleSheets，计算出 DOM 节点的样式</li>
<li>创建布局树，并计算元素的布局信息</li>
<li>对布局树进行分层，并生成分层树</li>
<li>为每个图层生成绘制列表，并将其提交到合成线程</li>
<li>合成线程将图层分成图块，并在光栅化线程池中将图块转换成位图</li>
<li>合成线程发送绘制图块命令 DrawQuad 给浏览器进程</li>
<li>浏览器进程根据 DrawQuad 消息生成页面，并显示到显示器上。</li>
</ul>
<p>引入相关的概念</p>
<h5 id="重排和重绘"><a href="#重排和重绘" class="headerlink" title="重排和重绘"></a>重排和重绘</h5><p>重排: 当Dom的变化影响到了元素的几何属性（宽和高等）——比如说修改了边框的宽度，或者是修改了高度，又或者给文章增加了内容导致元素的高度增加等，<br>会引起浏览器进行重新计算元素的几何属性，同样，其他元素的几何属性和位置也会因此受到影响。浏览器会使渲染树中受到影响的部分失效。并重新构建渲染树; </p>
<ul>
<li>页面的初始渲染</li>
<li>添加/删除可见DOM元素</li>
<li>改变元素位置</li>
<li>改变元素尺寸(宽, 高, 内外边距, 边框等)</li>
<li>改变元素内容(文本或者图片等)</li>
<li>改变窗口大小</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>重绘: 当页面布局不发生变化, 只是样式发生了变化, 就是触发重绘</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>重绘不一定会引发重排, 重排一定会触发重绘; 所以相对的, 重排的成本要比重绘高很多, 尽量减少重排的操作</strong></p>
<p>减少重绘和重排的方法</p>
<ul>
<li>减少直接操作DOM元素, 尽量用className控制</li>
<li>减少table的使用, table属性变化会直接导致布局重排或重绘</li>
<li>尽量批量操作dom(如果要创建多个dom, 可以使用DocumentFragment创建完后一次性加入)</li>
</ul>

                
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